Understanding the Complex Psychological, Emotional, and Neurobiological Consequences of Sexual Trauma on Mental Health

Abstract

Sexual trauma is a widespread public health issue with profound, lasting effects on survivors’ mental, emotional, and neurobiological well-being. It is commonly associated with psychological disorders such as PTSD, depression, anxiety, and dissociative conditions. Survivors also face emotional challenges, including shame, guilt, and emotional dysregulation. Neurobiological impacts, including changes in brain structure and stress response systems, can hinder coping and recovery. The associated social stigma further isolates survivors and exacerbates distress. According to the World Health Organization, one in three women globally experiences sexual violence in their lifetime. Male and non-binary survivors are also affected but often underrepresented due to cultural stigma and systemic barriers. Early intervention and trauma-informed care are essential to reduce long-term effects. This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on the multifaceted impacts of sexual trauma and evaluates effective treatments, including trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and integrative holistic methods. The review highlights the importance of implementing trauma-informed practices, identifies gaps in current research—particularly the need for inclusive and longitudinal studies—and underscores the urgency for comprehensive policy support to enhance recovery, resilience, and systemic change for all survivors.