Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality and Culture
Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture (IJHSC, 2581-575X) is an open access, peerreviewed journal which publishes high-quality original research articles and review articles relating to all domains of Human Sexuality. The submissions accepted are based on themes, so that a reader can get access to similar articles related to a theme here at this journal. Other categories of articles published by IJHSC include editorials, viewpoints, case series, commentaries and letters to the editor. It follows a doubleblind peer review process before publishing any piece of write-up. As the official publication of the Indian Institute of Sexology Bhubaneswar (IISB), it was started as a bi-annual journal in 2015 and continuing successfully in its 7th year of publication without any interruption. The journal mainly caters to the sexologists, sexual medicine experts, psychiatrists, psychologists and counsellors as well as other academics and professionals of social science, medical science and humanities. The Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture aims to cover the advances in the field of sexology and sexual medicine, but not limited to the following branches: The Journey The journal is first of its kind published from India. When IISB was established, we searched for exclusively dedicated journals on human sexuality to have access to recent and local research articles for the furtherance of our knowledge base and to collaborate with the authors and other institutions with same areas of interest. However, we could not find any such journal published from India. Then we thought of publishing a scientific journal from our institution itself. The journey was not at all smooth. Nevertheless, we could gather attention from the potential authors not only from India but also from abroad within a short span of time. We focus on contemporary issues and topics of interest for a vast array of interested readers. Through the journal, IISB wants to establish communication channels between academics and researchers, policymakers and the market leaders. Topics • Family therapy • Marital counselling • STIs including HIV/AIDS • Cultural aspects of sexology • Old age sexuality • Sexual crimes • Sexual development • Gender studies & LGBTQI studies • Sex education
Evolution of Human Sexuality: Biocultural History and Contemporary Transformations
Sex and sexuality are among the most undeniable aspects of our lives. They are deeply rooted in our biology and woven through the fabric of social and cultural life. Today, we are witnessing a sexual revolution due to advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and assisted reproductive technologies. We also see a surge in sexual diversity and its recognition, and an acceptance of the interdisciplinary nature of sexuality. We, as a society including our children and youth are exposed to all these new developments. We are highly vulnerable to a major transformation in the coming days. Lest we move to an unwanted terrain, we need to talk about sex and sexuality in today’s context. And for a fruitful understanding of the nature of this transformation, we need to look back and see how sex and sexuality have evolved all these years. We cannot afford to remain silent. Moreover, we now understand that sexuality is intricately linked to our health and social justice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality and Culture
Conceptualizing Digital Intimacy and AI Sexuality: A Systematic Review of Emerging Techno-Sexual Transformations
Background: Adolescents and young adults go through a period of development during which they are exploring identity, relationships, and sexuality. The process can be marked by an increase in risk-taking behavior. As digital and AI platforms have expanded rapidly, they have also changed the way people experience romance, intimacy, and sex. Tech-mediated intimate and sexual practice is the term used to describe these new forms of romantic, and sexual behaviors that are mediated by technology. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the current literature on digital intimacy and AI-mediated sexual behavior, including conceptual definitions, subtypes, associated factors, and psychosocial outcomes. Method and Analysis: The authors undergone a comprehensive literature search using the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed databases, as well as manual searches to locate relevant studies published before March 2026. These studies included systematic reviews, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method research on intimate, romantic, or sexual behavior that was related electronically or through AI mediation. Data extraction from the identified literature used an existing template to record the definitions and types of Tech-mediated intimate and sexual practice as well as associated factors and outcomes. The methodological quality of all studies reviewed was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Result: Twelve studies from around the world with different designs- cross-sectional, review, theory and narrative that met inclusion criteria resulting in three main areas of Tech-mediated intimate and sexual practice. a) Internet mediated sex and partner seeking through the internet; b) Intimacy through digital romance (e.g. dating sites, instant messaging, social media); c) Using AI to provide companionship. Digital sexual health and virtual reality sexuality. How individuals engaged through these areas was determined by their individual, technological and sociocultural factors. The pros were emotional support, intimacy, sexual experimentation, and health education, while the cons were loss of privacy, emotionally dependence, inappropriate material without consent, cyber-bullying, and health hazards. Conclusion: Digital intimacy and AI sexuality present opportunities as well as risks to youth and provide relevance to develop and use relevant interventions to promote digital literacy, consent understanding, and safe participation, along with longitudinal and cross-cultural research to develop ethical, developmental, and sociocultural guidelines for safe techno-sexual exploration.
From Diagnosis to Gender Identity Resolution in Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: Clinical and Psychological Insights from a Case Study
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), formerly known as testicular feminizing syndrome, is a rare genetic condition where individuals with a male XY karyotype are resistant to male hormones (androgens), leading to the development of female physical characteristics despite having a male genetic makeup. The condition results from mutations in the AR gene. Defective receptor assembly leads to varying degrees of androgen insensitivity, ranging from complete AIS (CAIS) to partial (PAIS) or mild forms (MAIS). We present a case report of patients in their 20s raised as girls, who presented with primary amenorrhea and ambiguous genitalia, accompanied by signs of masculinization. MRI findings revealed absent reproductive structures, such as the uterus and ovaries, but showed the presence of bilateral testicles. After careful discussions among medical professionals and the patient’s family, a decision was made to assign the male gender. The patient was subsequently scheduled for surgical intervention, including the first stage of chordee repair and right orchidopexy. AIS, an X-linked disorder, results from mutations in the AR gene, leading to a spectrum of androgen insensitivity. Managing AIS requires a multidisciplinary approach due to its complexity. In this case, surgical interventions such as chordee repair and genitoplasty successfully addressed medical and cosmetic concerns. Studies on cosmetic outcomes post-genioplasty show significant improvement and satisfaction among patients, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and long-term follow-up. Following multidisciplinary evaluation and surgical intervention (chordee repair and orchidopexy), the patient successfully transitioned to male gender assignment with satisfactory functional and cosmetic results. The case highlights the critical need for tailored care in managing AIS.
Testicular feminizing syndrome, Ambiguous genitalia, Karyotype, Androgens, Androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Kamasutra to Stigma: India’s Sexual Duality
Decade-long work in psycho-oncology underpins this special issue, and I am honored to serve as Guest Editor for the Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality and Culture and shed some light on this theme. Across the globe, sexual dysfunction affects up to 90% of female cancer survivors and 40% of males, stemming from various treatment modalities like chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and hormone therapies that impair sexual intimacy, arousal, and libido during and exist beyond treatment (1-3). For many survivors, these changes persist long after the visible signs of cancer care have ended. Yet, sexuality remains an ignored, neglected, or neglected topic from diagnosis through survivorship.
The Impact of Breast Cancer Treatment on Body Image, Sexual Function, and Fertility: A Narrative Review (The Hidden Morbidity)
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, accounting for 26% of all cancers and 10.7% of cancer-related mortality. Advances in diagnosis and therapy have significantly improved survival, especially among women of reproductive age, shifting the focus toward survivorship and quality of life. Sexual health, a vital yet often neglected domain, is profoundly influenced by the disease and its treatment. This narrative review explores the multifaceted impact of breast cancer and its therapies on sexuality, body image, psychosocial well-being, and fertility, emphasizing implications for comprehensive survivorship care. A narrative review of the published literature was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Studies addressing the psychosocial, sexual, and reproductive consequences of breast cancer and its treatments were included, with emphasis on adult and reproductive-age women. Breast cancer and its treatments, like surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy, exert complex biological and psychosocial effects leading to sexual dysfunction, altered body image, and psychological distress. These issues are compounded by premature menopause, fatigue, and fertility loss. Younger women, in particular, face significant challenges related to intimacy, femininity, and motherhood. Positive post-traumatic growth, however, may occur with adequate emotional support and adaptive coping mechanisms. Sexuality in breast cancer survivors is influenced by intertwined biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. Integrating sexual health assessment and counseling into routine oncologic care is crucial to promote holistic recovery and improve the quality of survivorship among women with breast cancer.
Comprehensive Sex Education in India: Honour, Cultural Pluralism, and the Negotiation of Sexual Health
Sexuality in India is deeply embedded within moral, familial, and cultural structures that regulate discourse and behavior. The World Health Organization conceptualizes sexual health as a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being related to sexuality rather than merely the absence of disease.1 Comprehensive Sex Education (CSE), grounded in this holistic understanding, extends beyond biological instruction to include consent, relational ethics, gender equity, and rights-based decision-making. Yet in India, sexuality education remains contentious, often perceived as disruptive to cultural values shaped by honor, modesty, and gendered morality.
Psychological Interventions for Sexual Health Among Cancer Patients: A Narrative Review
Background: Sexuality is a core aspect of well-being and personal relationships. Cancer and its treatment often disrupt sexuality through physical changes, emotional distress, and relational strain. Although cancer survival has improved, many individuals continue to experience difficulties with intimacy, desire, body image, and emotional closeness, yet these concerns are seldom addressed in routine oncology care, fueled by physically deteriorated health and resultant psychological issues, attached to sexuality and illness. Method: This narrative review examines psychological interventions aimed at supporting sexual health among cancer patients, with particular attention to Indian cultural contexts. Studies published between January 2001 and May 2025 were identified through searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science using relevant key terms. Result: Evidence suggests that psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral approaches, couple-based interventions, mindfulness-based therapies, and meaning-oriented psychotherapy can improve sexual well-being and relational adjustment. Conclusion: Addressing sexual health through culturally responsive psychological interventions may meaningfully improve quality of life for cancer survivors, especially in settings where sexuality remains a sensitive or neglected topic.
psychological intervention, cancer , sexual well-being, sexuality, Asian culture, Indian context
Re-examining Stage-based Models of Queer Identity Formation: A Critical Review
This literature review critically examines stage-based models of queer identity formation, analyzing their theoretical foundations and limitations within contemporary LGBTQ+ scholarship. While early models such as Cass and Troiden’s models provided structured frameworks for understanding sexual and gender identity development, they have increasingly been critiqued for their reliance on linear progression, binary thinking, and Western individualistic assumptions. By analysing 114 articles on queer identity formation, this review chronologically addresses the major stage-based models of queer identity. The paper also synthesizes critiques by prominent researchers in the field, who challenge the applicability of stage-based approaches in capturing the fluidity and cultural uniqueness of queer identity formation in our contemporary world. This paper highlights the need for newer gender affirming and culturally sensitive theoretical models of queer identity formation that will help add substantial literary development to our ongoing understanding of queer identities.
Family Planning and Maternal Child Health Outcomes: A Global Analysis Using WHO Data
Maternal and child mortality remain critical global health challenges, with potential associations to family planning access requiring systematic investigation. This study examined the relationship between access to modern family planning methods and maternal and child health outcomes across WHO member states to inform evidence-based policy development. A quantitative cross-sectional analysis was conducted using WHO Global Health Observatory data from 101 member states. Key indicators included maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births), infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births), family planning access (percentage of reproductive-age women with modern contraceptive needs met), and births attended by skilled health personnel. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation coefficients and ordinary least squares regression modeling. Significant negative correlations were observed between family planning access and both maternal mortality (r = -0.490, p < 0.001) and infant mortality (r = -0.495, p < 0.001). Regression analyses revealed that each percentage-point increase in family planning access was associated with 5.848 fewer maternal deaths per 100,000 live births and 0.445 fewer infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Geographical analysis demonstrated pronounced disparities, with Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia exhibiting the highest mortality rates and lowest family planning access. The findings provided satisfactory evidence for the protective association between modern family planning access and reduced maternal and child mortality. These results supported increased investment in comprehensive reproductive health programs, particularly in regions with the greatest need, as a cost-effective strategy for improving global health outcomes and achieving sustainable development goals.
Family Planning, Maternal Mortality, Child Mortality, Global Health, WHO Data
Homosexuality in Nagaland: A Sociological Exploration
This study examines the regulation and lived negotiation of homosexuality within the sociocultural and religious context of Nagaland, a tribal Christian-majority state in Northeast India. Although homosexuality exists across cultures, it remains highly stigmatized in Naga society, where patriarchal kinship structures, Christian moral frameworks, and communal norms collectively reinforce heteronormativity. Using a qualitative research design, in-depth interviews were conducted with 54 participants, including homosexual individuals, heterosexual respondents, and counselors from three urban centers. Thematic analysis reveals that societal attitudes toward homosexuality are shaped by religious morality, notions of natural order, and family expectations. Homosexual individuals commonly experience internalized stigma, identity conflict, and pressure to conform to heterosexual norms, often adopting strategies such as concealment, digital engagement, and lavender marriages. Online spaces function as critical sites of identity negotiation, but also expose individuals to health risks and exploitation. The findings highlight how sexuality is regulated through everyday mechanisms of kinship surveillance, moral discourse, and shame rather than formal institutional control. The study contributes to sociological understandings of heteronormativity in tribal contexts and underscores the need for culturally sensitive mental health services, inclusive healthcare access, and community-based awareness initiatives.
Homosexuality, Naga society, Christianity, Patriarchy, Stigma, Queer theory
The Moderating Role of Cognitive Shema Activation on the Relationship Between Sexual Health Awareness and Adherence to Safe Sex Behaviours among Cisgender Generation Z Women in India
The purpose of this study was to examine how cognitive schemas influence the relationship between sexual health awareness and adherence to safe sex practices among cisgender Generation Z women in India. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional design, 114 cisgender Indian women aged 18 to 29 who had prior sexual experience with cisgender men completed validated questionnaires assessing sexual health awareness, cognitive schema activation in sexual contexts, and safe sex behaviors. Data was analyzed using Spearman’s rho correlations and moderation analyses with bootstrapping, with both overall schema scores and individual subscales tested as moderators. Results indicated that while greater awareness was associated with stronger adherence to safe sex practices, maladaptive schemas, particularly helplessness, weakened this relationship. These findings highlight the role of psychological factors in translating awareness into behavior. This research adds to existing literature by addressing a gap in the Indian context, where cultural taboos and limited access to formal sex education present unique challenges. This study highlights the need for sexual health interventions that not only provide accurate information but also target underlying cognitive patterns, ensuring that awareness translates into consistent and empowered safe sex behaviors.
Comparative Survey Study on Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Disease Among Urban (Pune) and Rural (Purandar) College Girls
Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) exhibits notable differences in prevalence and risk factors between urban- and rural-based populations, which has an impact on adolescent and reproductive health in India. This study sought to investigate and compare the prevalence, demographic characteristics, risk factors, symptom profiles, and healthcare access associated with PCOD in college girls in urban and rural settings. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,104 urban and rural female college students in Maharashtra and indicated that the prevalence of PCOD among urban girls (10.6%) was significantly greater compared to rural girls (6.7%). Although urban and rural girls were nearly equal with respect to age and sample size, urban girls had higher knowledge of PCOD, had more experience with healthcare providers, experienced more stress, and had a higher prevalence of clinical symptoms such as irregular periods and hyperandrogenism, even though urban girls had a higher prevalence of obesity (59.7%) compared to rural girls (5.3%). A family history of PCOD was a strong predictor in both urban and rural girls, with urban girls having notably better access to medical care. These findings highlight the need for distinct intervention strategies such as awareness promotions, stress-reducing interventions, and healthcare access to address risks and barriers to healthcare in each population subgroup.
Sexuality and Cancer in an Indian Context – A Sacred Disruption
This narrative review explores sexuality and intimacy after cancer among Indian women and integrates clinical literature with culturally grounded reflections. Drawing on oncology, sexual health research, and feminist perspectives, the paper examines how cancer treatment disrupts bodily identity, desire, and relational intimacy. It highlights the silences surrounding female sexuality in India and reframes post-cancer sensuality as a process of reclamation rather than loss. The review argues for trauma-informed, culturally sensitive approaches to sexual health conversations in oncology care.
Perception of Sexuality and Body Image among Breast and Cervical Cancer Survivors
Post-diagnosis breast cancer survivors and survivors of cervical cancer are more likely to face severe psychological and emotional consequences that involves body image and their sexual disruption. Surgical treatments including mastectomy, hysterectomy, and radiation, and chemotherapy can have profound and devastating psychological impacts on women, their femininities, desirability, and sex lives. These shifts provide distress, shame, and intimacy problems, thus affecting the entire quality of life. The survivors are often reported to feel unattractive, unacceptable by partners and of low self-worth, exacerbated by the cultural stigmatisation and the lack of clinical concern about secondary sexual health in the post treatment period. This evidence-based review paper summarates what is currently understood about the psychosocial aspects of sexuality and body image in female cancer survivors. The research selected peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2025 and reviewed them in various databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO. The major findings include the definition of the impression received by the survivors not only by the physical modifications but also by the work of interpersonal relationships and limitations of social reintegration. The research notes the necessity of holistic, trauma-informed, and culturally responsive activities that focus on emotional regulation, talking with a partner, and body acceptance. It further highlights the necessity to include the aspects of sexuality and body image counseling in the survivorship care plans. It is paramount to address such issues and concerns to optimize psychosocial recovery and resiliency, as well as regain a feeling of identity and intimacy in cancer survival.
Intersectionality and Hindi cinema: A study on the representation of disability and bisexuality in the Hindi film ‘Margarita with a Straw’
According to professor Kimberle Crenshaw, ‘All inequality is not created equal’. She coined the term ‘intersectionality’ in 1989. This term elaborates on the oppression of women in society based on class, race, gender identity, sexual orientation, and sometimes even on their political inclination. These individual characteristics overlap and intersect with each other. It can be the case where either one or all of them conjoin one another and create experiences of discrimination among women based on various systems of oppression. Crenshaw proposed that unjust behaviour based on intersectionality has an intense and personalised effect on the social structure of women. For instance, disability, which is marginalising, further narrows down the opportunities to be seen and heard by the female gender. Therefore, this paper attempts to study the representation of intersectionality through the social categorisations of disability and sexuality of women in Hindi cinema. Ahead of her time, director Shonali Bhose presented Margarita with a Straw in 2014, the story of a young woman with dreams, ambition, and a debilitating disease known as Cerebral Palsy. Laila, the protagonist here, accepts herself and the challenges life brings to her. She is on a quest to explore freedom and sexuality, defying the appropriation built around disability and genderqueer. The film also touches upon the supportive and special mother-daughter relationship throughout. To align with the narrative of the film, a qualitative approach using critical analysis and interview guidelines will be used as a tool to elicit empirical data. In conclusion, the study will open debates on the representation of the intersectionality of gender and identity in Hindi cinema and will open debates on the change in the representation among the masses.
Representation, Sexuality, Intersectionality, Gender queer, Disability, Hindi cinema
Broken bonds: A study of addiction, sexuality and traumatized aging in ‘A Mirror Made of Rain’
This paper examines the multi-layered depiction of trauma and its intergenerational transmission in the novel ‘A Mirror Made of Rain’ by Naheed Phiroze Patel through the character of Asha, an alcoholic mother whose unresolved traumas and addiction lead to her tumultuous relationship with her daughter Noomi. This study explores the ways through which identities, gender roles, and intergenerational relationships are shaped by addiction. The paper delves into the mechanisms through which trauma is not only inherited but re-enacted in complex familial bonds by studying Asha’s psychological condition and the repercussions of maternal trauma passed down from her own mother. It delves deeper into the relationship between gender and addiction, highlighting the particular difficulties experienced by Indian women who battle substance misuse as well as the stigma associated with female addicts. Through the character of Asha, the novel presents a complex depiction of sexuality, particularly how trauma disrupts sexual agency and distorts the mother-daughter relationship. This paper contends that Asha’s ageing process, which is characterised by physical and mental deterioration, is a heartbreaking tale of selfdestruction and wounded motherhood, reflecting the cumulative impacts of addiction and unresolved trauma. By taking recourse to a multidisciplinary approach that integrates insights from psychology, gender studies, and trauma theory, this paper aims to expand the understanding of how addiction and trauma intermingle with gendered experiences and how these elements contribute to a cycle of fractured familial bonds in ‘A Mirror Made of Rain’.
Ageing, Sexuality, Intergenerational trauma, Gender, Addiction
Individualization and sexuality of aging women in contemporary women’s cinema of Bollywood
The depiction of aging women’s sexuality has undergone adecent transformation in popular culture. In film studies, Women’s cinema intervenes in the stereotypical depiction of women on screen and discusses various topics that have not been discussed exhaustively. Sexuality is one of the crucial topics among them. In Bollywood, Alankrita Shrivastava is one of the women directors who stood out among her peers. She discussed aging women’s sexuality comprising urges, desires, and fantasy, focusing on their identity, individuality, and self-actualization. The films discussed all these complexities of aging women’s sexuality with endearing sensitivity and delicacy. Using Beck and Beck-Gernsheim’s (2002) Individualization and McRobbie’s (2004) Female Individualization, this paper examined the sexuality of aging women depicted in the two films of Alankrita ShrivastavaLipstick Under My Burkha (2017) and Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakate Sitare (2020). This study also analyzed these characters’ individualization of sexuality, which breaks the conventional barriers and their journey.
Aging women, Female individualization, Women’s cinema, Bollywood
Helpless behaviour and its correlates in Battered Women Syndrome
Domestic violence severely affects an individual's well-being, and victims often remain in abusive relationships due to helplessness, a condition known as Battered Women Syndrome, a subtype of PTSD. The study aimed to explore the association between the various psychological factors related to helpless behaviour in women having battered women syndrome. The sample was selected using purposive sampling (N=86). It included 43 participants in the clinical group of women with battered women syndrome and 43 participants in the normal control group. Participants were assessed on the index of spousal of abuse scale, Miller’s marital locus of control scale, interpersonal dependency inventory, positive and negative suicide ideation inventory and helpless behaviour questionnaire. The findings suggested that Higher abuse severity is linked to increased helplessness, dependency, and external locus of control while reducing protective thoughts against suicide, amplifying vulnerability in affected women. A significant difference was observed between women with battered women syndrome and normal control on the severity of abuse, marital locus of control, interpersonal dependency, positive suicidal thoughts and helpless behaviour. The findings have significant clinical implications. A deeper understanding of the factors associated with Battered Women Syndrome can facilitate the development of specialised therapeutic models for its prevention and management.
Battered women, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Helpless behaviour, Marital locus of control, Interpersonal dependency
An exploration of sexual well-being among working professional women aged 25-30 in Mumbai: A qualitative study
Background: Sexual Well-being is an integral component of health, yet it is often overlooked, particularly among Indian working professional women. This group, which balances professional aspirations with strongly ingrained social and cultural expectations, is uniquely positioned at the intersection of modernity and tradition. In Mumbai, professional women who benefit from increased employment opportunities often juggle numerous responsibilities, including careers and roles as daughters,spouses, or prospective mothers. Sexual Well-being, often seen as taboo, is still a topic that needs further research. This paper seeks to examine women's experiences and perceptions of Sexual well-being. Methods: This study uses a qualitative research paradigm. The study is conducted in Mumbai-Maharashtra, India. The participants were selected through snowball and purposive sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted with the participants, who were between 25 and 30 years old, working professional women. An interview guide was administered to working professionals to understand their perceptions of sexual well-being and how these women experience sexual well-being. The data was analysed according to themes derived from the interviews. Results: The study shows that personal and sociocultural factors influence their perspectives and experiences. The findings indicate that although women recognise the significance of their sexual well-being for their overall health, they nevertheless encounter several challenges in openly discussing their sexual needs. These barriers mainly stem from cultural stigmas, societal norms, and insufficient sexual health resources. The study emphasises the need to foster open dialogues and a supportive atmosphere to enhance sexual wellbeing.61 Conclusion: The study explored the factors that influence sexual well-being among working professional women in Mumbai. Despite understanding its significance, women face significant challenges, such as cultural stigmas,societal norms, and restricted access to resources. The study recommends fostering open communication and enabling women to prioritise their sexual well-being through public health initiatives, workplace policies, and educational programs. This will improve their overall wellbeing and foster a more inclusive society that values this vital aspect of health.
Sexual well-being, Working professional women, Socio-cultural influences, Sexual health, Mumbai
Transforming sexual health services: A systematic review of India’s top interventions (2010-2023)
Background: Healthcare decision-makers require clear, evidence-based insights to effectively prioritize treatments for sexual dysfunction. This study seeks to provide a comparative analysis of the health benefits and costeffectiveness of different interventions, including both medical and non-medical treatments, with a special focus on the Indian context. Methods: This systematic review draws on ranking frameworks from Indian health organizations like the National Health Systems Resource Centre (NHSRC) and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to prioritize preventive healthcare services. Using data from 2010 to 2023, we evaluated key interventions, including pharmacological treatments, cognitive-behavioraltherapy (CBT), and lifestyle changes, in the Indian context. Each intervention was scored for clinical and cost-effectiveness on a 1 to 5 scale, with total scores ranging from 2 to 10. To set administration priorities, we compared these rankings with access and usage rates, following recommendations from programs like the National Health Mission (NHM) and the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO). Results: Pharmacological treatments, such as Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i), received high effectiveness scores (8-10), but their availability was found to be limited in low-income regions. CBT, with moderate-tohigh effectiveness (7-9), showed better cost-effectiveness in these regions. Lifestyle modifications had lower overall effectiveness but remain a crucial complement to other interventions. Regional disparities highlighted gaps in service delivery, especially in resource-poor areas. Conclusion This review identifies the most valuable interventions for treating sexual dysfunction and provides a framework to guide healthcare providers and policymakers in prioritizing actions that improve sexual health outcomes, especially in underserved populations
Sexual health interventions, Cost-effectiveness analysis, India healthcare priorities, Preventive services, Sexual dysfunction treatments, Public health strategy
Systemic couple therapy in addressing psychosexual issues in Indian marriages
Psychosexual issues significantly impact the quality of marital relationships. These conditions, often exacerbated by cultural taboos and a lack of open communication, pose challenges to both couples and therapists. This viewpoint paper explores the role of systemic couple therapy in addressing these issues within the Indian cultural context. This paper highlights the importance of culturally sensitive interventions by examining therapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), emotional-focused therapy (EFT), and psychodynamic therapy. The discussion includes insights into the challenges faced by therapists, the influence of cultural myths and societal norms, and the need for a more comprehensive approach to psychosexual therapy in India.
Couple therapy, Systemic therapy, Indian culture, Sexual myths, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Emotionally focused therapy, Aging, Sexuality
Witch-hunting in the digital age: The continued demonization of aging women’s sexuality in online spaces
The digital age, while offering unprecedented connectivity and freedom of expression, has also become a breeding ground for harmful stereotypes and discrimination. Historically, women-especially ageing women-have been persecuted based on unfounded fears and suspicions surrounding their bodies and sexuality. This study explores how digital platforms have transformed historical witch hunting into modern-day online persecution of ageing women. By analysing cultural biases, societal double standards, and the anonymity of the internet, the research investigates the factors contributing to this phenomenon. The paper argues that ageing women are particularly vulnerable to online shaming, harassment, and derogatory portrayals due to their intersectional identities. It examines the inadequacies of existing legal frameworks and social media policies in addressing this issue and suggests the need for more targeted regulatory mechanisms to protect older women from online persecution.
Online witch-hunting, Ageing women, Digital persecution, Intersectionality, Legal frameworks
Invisible desires: Addressing sexuality, intimacy, and ageism in older adults
In modern society, fulfilling personal life and goals related to personal and professional depends on society, sexuality, intimacy, and sexual identities-all of which are crucially acknowledged as fundamental human rights and needs. Older people have not always been acknowledged in literature or discussions of these issues, and sexuality has generally been taboo. These silences are further rooted in many areas of social policy and practice related to ageing support, reflecting the broader invisibility of older people in various aspects of society. The present article focuses on sexuality and ageism, exploring how ageing affects sexual health and the factors that play a significant role in this process. This article also aims to integrate different theoretical perspectives on sexual health and ageing and contribute to breaking the stigma surrounding these issues. Search databases, such as Elsevier, PMC Database, Wiley and Sons, Springer, Google Scholar, etc., were used to extract a total of 13 studies which were included in the final review. People reported fewer sexual problems and valued sex more when they had fewer ageist sexual preconceptions in their minds. This study reviews studies from various cultures with a particular emphasis on South Asian culture. It explores dominant discourses surrounding sexuality, intimacy, and sexual identities in later life. Drawing on a range of secondary literature, it examines the various positions and contexts that shape the “practice” of sexuality in older adulthood. Despite increased public exposure, society remains deeply preoccupied with beliefs about what constitutes “normal” or “appropriate” sexual behaviour for older individuals. Sexuality in later life is primarily addressed from a biomedical perspective, which assumes a natural decline in sexual functioning that requires medical treatment. Other key issues and persistent myths surrounding older people’s sexuality include the belief that 20 sexual desire diminishes with age and the perception that older people are physically unattractive or undesirable, particularly in relation to gender. The popular notion is that it is shameful or inappropriate for older adults to engage in sexual activity and that there is no older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Inter sex (LGBTQ&I) community. This article investigates how ageism is shaped by attitudes promoted by the media, perceptions held by younger people about sexuality in later life, older adults’ views of their sexuality, and the attitudes of those who provide care services. The results suggested that ageist stereotypes significantly impact older adults’ sexual well-being. It has been concluded that when individuals have a positive perception of ageism, and they do not entertain ageist sexual misconceptions, they value ‘sex’ in their lives. The training programs for healthcare providers and policies for the ageing population should include education on the impacts of ageism and their needs and sexual health education.
Ageing and sexuality: Safeguarding sexual privacy in the digital age
The rapid advancement of digital technology has introduced unprecedented threats to personal and intimate privacy, particularly for ageing populations in India. Older adults, increasingly reliant on digital platforms for communication, interaction, and relationships, face heightened risks of exploitation, coercion, and manipulation. Their vulnerability is exacerbated by a lack of digital literacy, making them susceptible to breaches of sexual privacy, including non consensual pornography, sextortion, voyeurism, and deepfake sex videos. Furthermore, hidden cameras, smart devices, and practices like up-skirting contribute to an environment of pervasive digital voyeurism, leaving elderly individuals exposed to invasive practices. This theoretical paper examines the relationship between ageing, sexuality, and digital privacy, focusing on how these dynamics compromise older adults’ autonomy and dignity. Using a socio-legal and conceptual methodology, the paper critically analyzes existing legal frameworks and identifies gaps in the protections offered to aging individuals against breaches of sexual privacy. It also integrates insights from sociological and psychological studies to highlight the emotional and psychological toll these violations take, particularly on older women and marginalized communities. The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive reforms, including enhanced penalties for bias-motivated violations, accountability measures for digital platforms, and Review Article Ageing and sexuality: Safeguarding sexual privacy in the digital age the evolution of privacy laws to address emerging threats such as deep-fake technology. The paper concludes by proposing a multifaceted approach that includes legal reforms, digital literacy programs, societal education, and robust support systems. By recognizing and addressing the unique vulnerabilities of older adults in the digital age, this study contributes to the development of a theoretical framework aimed at safeguarding their dignity and autonomy in a rapidly evolving technological space.
Aging, Sexual privacy, Digital age, Nonconsensual pornography, Sextortion, Deep-fake technology, Digital voyeurism, Elderly vulnerability, Intimate relationships, Autonomy
Pornography, sexuality, and internet addiction: Psychological impacts across the lifespan and preventive strategies for youth
As people age, their sexuality evolves. Youth is a critical time for sexual development, marked by curiosity and exploration. In adulthood, individuals often face challenges like maintaining intimacy. The influence of pornography varies across life stages, serving as an informal teacher for youth but potentially leading to unfulfilled expectations or relationship issues for adults. Early exposure to online pornography can have significant psychological impacts on youth, affecting mental health, sexual development, and overall wellbeing. Research shows that such exposure can lead to hypersexualisation,skewed perspectives on sex, and misconceptions about sexual behaviour. Adolescents addicted to pornography may suffer from cognitive and emotional impairments, including obsessive-compulsive thoughts, sleep disturbances, and difficulties in forming healthy relationships. This can result in decreased life satisfaction, mental health issues like depression and anxiety, and problematic sexual behaviours in adulthood. Excessive pornography consumption is linked to dangerous sexual behaviours, internet addiction, and distorted sexual standards, potentially normalising aggressive sexual activities. Forensic implications include a higher risk of developing paraphilias, engaging in sexual aggression, or becoming victims of online sexual victimisation. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive education, parental monitoring, and regulatory measures to mitigate the adverse effects of early pornography exposure on adolescents.
Sexuality, Youth, Pornography, Internet addiction, India, Computer misuse
Transforming intimacy: Aging and sexuality
Aging, Sexuality, Transformation, Intimacy, Understanding
Ethical and Legal Dimensions of Informed Consent for Survivors of Sexual Violence in Indian Clinical Trials
A crucial ethical and legal prerequisite for clinical research is informed consent, which ensures the autonomy of participants and protection from coercion. However, where clinical trials involve survivors of sexual violence, the application of informed consent principles becomes deeply challenging. Survivors often experience significant psychological trauma, societal stigma, and structural inequalities that compromise their ability to provide free and fully informed consent. These issues are especially relevant in India, where cultural, legal, and institutional barriers further complicate the ethical conduct of clinical trials involving such vulnerable populations. This paper explores the complexities of truly informed consent in Indian clinical studies on sexual violence research and analyzes the effectiveness of national regulations, such as ‘the New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019,’ and international guidelines, such as the ‘Declaration of Helsinki’ and the ‘Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences’ (CIOMS) guidelines. The paper also examines judicial interpretations of informed consent in clinical research, highlighting landmark Indian cases and global best practices that can appraise policy reforms. By advocating trauma-informed consent procedures, strengthened legal regulations, and survivor-centric ethical standards, this study aims to achieve a more equitable framework for conducting clinical trials with survivors of sexual violence. It thus highlights the need for a balanced approach that maintains both the scientific validity of research and the dignity and rights of participants, ensuring that consent remains a genuine expression of autonomy and not a procedural formality.
Informed consent, Clinical trials, Sexual violence survivors, Autonomy, National and international frameworks.
Sexual Trauma And The Role Of Sattwavajaya Chikitsa(Ayurveda Psychotherapy): An Ayurvedic Perspective On Healing And Restoration
Sexual trauma has profound psychological and physiological consequences, necessitating a holistic approach to healing. Sattwavajaya Chikitsa, a non-pharmacological psychotherapeutic intervention in Ayurveda, focuses on cognitive restructuring and emotional resilience. This review examines its potential role in managing psychological distress in survivors of sexual trauma.A comprehensive literature review was conducted using indexed databases, analyzing studies on Sattwavajaya Chikitsa and its application in trauma recovery. Emphasis was placed on its principles, therapeutic mechanisms, and integration with modern psychotherapeutic approaches.Existing literature suggests that Sattwavajaya Chikitsa, through cognitive interventions, mindfulness-based practices, and emotional regulation techniques, will contribute to psychological resilience and trauma recovery. While empirical evidence remains limited, theoretical frameworks and preliminary studies indicate its potential efficacy in reducing anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms.Sattwavajaya Chikitsa offers a promising adjunctive approach for psychological rehabilitation in survivors of sexual trauma. Integrating this traditional Ayurvedic therapy with contemporary mental health interventions may enhance holistic recovery. Further clinical studies are needed to substantiate its effectiveness and application in trauma-informed care.
Ayurveda, Psychological resilience, Sattwavajaya Chikitsa, Sexual trauma, Trauma recovery.
Digital Infidelity and Its Impact on Mental and Sexual Health: A Multifaceted Approach to Mitigating Risks in Asian Societies
The evolution of Online adultery poses considerable psychological and public health concerns, predominantly around mental well-being and sexual health. Research suggests that anonymity and disinhibition inherent in digital interactions can lead to intensified engagement in risky sexual behaviors, including unprotected sex and the augmented transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). These risks are further intensified due to cultural stigma, inadequate awareness, and restricted access to sexual health resources in Asian countries. Such high-risk behaviors that include adverse mental health outcomes and engagement due to psychological factors such as escapism, emotional dissatisfaction, and guilt impair rational decision-making. The concealed nature of online adultery confounds attempts in STD diagnosis and treatment, compelling the execution of specialized healthcare interventions. Such risks can be mitigated using targeted strategies such as confidential counseling, anonymous testing, and expanded access to sexual health clinics. The necessity for integration of digital literacy into sexual education, besides collaborations with online platforms, has become the core of public health initiatives. Moreover, public health initiatives that integrate digital literacy into sexual education, besides collaborations with online platforms, can play a crucial role in adopting safer online behaviors and reducing STD transmission. A multifaceted approach addressing these challenges, including the development of comprehensive healthcare services, the promotion of digital literacy in sexual health education, and strategic partnerships with digital platforms. By recognizing to mitigating the risks associated with online adultery, public health outcomes can be enhanced, along with mental well-being and empower individuals to make informed choices regarding their sexual health. The current study steps beyond factual studies of occurrence and investigates the health, psychological, and social consequences of these growing facts while indicating directed interventions.
Adultery, Behaviors, Internet, Relationships, Sexually transmitted diseases.
Understanding the Complex Psychological, Emotional, and Neurobiological Consequences of Sexual Trauma on Mental Health
Sexual trauma is a widespread public health issue with profound, lasting effects on survivors’ mental, emotional, and neurobiological well-being. It is commonly associated with psychological disorders such as PTSD, depression, anxiety, and dissociative conditions. Survivors also face emotional challenges, including shame, guilt, and emotional dysregulation. Neurobiological impacts, including changes in brain structure and stress response systems, can hinder coping and recovery. The associated social stigma further isolates survivors and exacerbates distress. According to the World Health Organization, one in three women globally experiences sexual violence in their lifetime. Male and non-binary survivors are also affected but often underrepresented due to cultural stigma and systemic barriers. Early intervention and trauma-informed care are essential to reduce long-term effects. This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on the multifaceted impacts of sexual trauma and evaluates effective treatments, including trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and integrative holistic methods. The review highlights the importance of implementing trauma-informed practices, identifies gaps in current research—particularly the need for inclusive and longitudinal studies—and underscores the urgency for comprehensive policy support to enhance recovery, resilience, and systemic change for all survivors.
Sexual trauma, Mental health, PTSD, Neurobiology, Literature review, Therapeutic interventions.